ESL & Identity: 3 Questions (Penner, 2013)

In my study, I considered the following 3 questions in the multilingual learning context:

1.  How does the use of student first languages impact the identities of multilingual      learners?

2.  How do multilingual learners invest in the multilingual learning context where first languages are used?

3.  How does the use of first languages impact the perception of target language peers by    multilingual learners?

First Languages of Refugees & Immigrants